Solusi Penyakit Maag Tanpa Mengobati

Kebanyakan orang sudah kenal dengan penyakit maag. Sehingga terkadang juga bisa mengantisipasinya bila terserang gejala penyakit ini. Dalam istilah kedokteran, penyakit maag disebut gastritis atau peradangan lambung. Untuk gejala yang lebih ringan sering disebut dengan dyspepsia.

Daerah Lambung yang Terkena

Gastritis terjadi pada organ lambung. Organ ini terletak di sebelah kiri rongga dada dengan posisi miring ke bawah, menjorok ke kanan mendekati ulu hati. Kadang-kadang orang yang terkena sakit ini akan menunjuk atau memegang perut sebelah kiri atau ulu hati, tepat dibawah tulang dada.

Di lokasi lambung inilah proses pencernaan makanan terjadi. Untuk selanjutnya diteruskan ke usus di bawahnya. Dalam proses pencernaan tersebut dikeluarkan beberapa cairan asam lambung untuk membantu proses penghancuran makanan.

Asam Lambung Berlebihan

Terjadinya gastritis atau peradangan lambung, pada awalnya karena asam lambung yang berlebihan. Asam lambung yang semula membantu lambung malah merugikan lambung. Asam lambung akan merusak dinding lambung itu sendiri, karena sifat asam yang korosif (mengikis). Faktor yang memicu produksi asam lambung berlebihan, diantaranya beberapa zat kimia, seperti alcohol, umumnya obat penahan nyeri, asam cuka. Juga beberapa makanan dan minuman yang bersifat asam,, makanan dengan bumbu yang bersifat asam dan sebagainya. Makanan yang pedas serta bumbu yang merangsang, semisal jahe, merica, juga akan memicu produksi asam lambung.

Faktor psikis atau kejiwaan seseorang bisa pula meningkatkan produksi asam lambung. Selain itu penyakit maag juga bisa disebabkan insfeksi bakteri tertentu, misalnya helicobacter pylori yang merupakan bakteri normal dalam lambung, yang dalam kondisi tertentu bisa menjadi abnormal. Yang akhirnya merangsang asam lambung. Gastritis juga bisa disebabkan alergi terhadap makanan tertentu, misalnya ikan, coklat dan lain-lain.

Keluhan dan Gejala

Pada awalnya, seseorang yang terserang penyakit ini mengabaikannya saja, yaitu rasa perih dan kembung di ulu hati. Kemudian berlanjut dengan mual dan disertai muntah. Pada saat ini, penderita baru menyadari sakitnya. Keadaan ini berlanjut dengan berkurangnya nafsu makan. Bila hal ini terus dibiarkan, akan berakibat semakin parah dan akhirnya asam lambung akan membuat luka-luka (ulkus) yang dikenal dengan tukak lambung. Muntah pun bisa disertai darah. Keadaaan gastritis akut (mendadak) juga bisa terjadi pada anak-anak yang menelan zat-zat kimia korosif, misalnya asam dan basa kuat. Pada umumnya zat ini terdapat pada cairan kebersihan rumahtangga maupun pestisida. Kerusakan akibat zat ini tidak hanya di lambung, tetapi juga di bibir, rongga mulut dan tenggorokan.

Bagaimana Solusinya?

Bila penyakit maag ini sudah disadari oleh penderitanya, sebenarnya sangat mudah mengatasinya. Artinya, tidak dibiarkan berlanjut terus sehingga menjadi tukak lambung. Prinsip penanganannya adalah diet atau pengaturan makan. Jangan biarkan perut lama dalam keadaan kosong. Keadaan kosong ini dapat mengakibatkan asam lambung yang sudah diproduksi tidak mempunyai bahan untuk dicerna tau digilas, dan pada akhirnya dinding lambung sendiri yang menjadi sasarannya.

Jangan terlalu banyak mengkonsumsi makanan atau minuman pedas dan asam. Hindari makanan berlemak, karena lemak memang sulit dicerna oleh lambung. Selain itu, tektur makanan sebaiknya lembut (lunak).

Sering-seringlah minum air putih, karena bisa mengurangi sifat asam dari makanan atau minuman tersebut. Kurangi mengkonsumsi minuman the, kopi atau soft drink. Porsi makanan sebaiknya tidak terlalu banyak, tetapisedikit dengan frekuensi sering.

Bila harus mengkonsumsi obat-obatan penahan nyeri (analgetik), maka sebaiknya diminum setelah makan dan tidak dalam keadaan kosong.

Bila disiplin dalam mengatur makanan ini, Insya Allah penyakit maag bisa membaik tanpa diobati. Seandainya perut masih melilit dan mual terus menerus, maka obat-obatan untul menetralkan asam lambung sangat membantu meringankan penderitaan. Misalnya, obat-obatan antasida. Bila dengan obat ini belum bisa teratasi, maka sebaiknya berkonsultasi dengan dokter. Kadang kala diperlukan obat penenang untuk mengobatinya.

Waspada Bagi Wanita Hamil Muda.

Wanita saat hamil muda yang sebelumnya mempunyai riwayat penyakit maag, sangat beresiko kambuh, apalagi saat mengidam.

Saat mengidam, terkadang ibu hamil muda tidak berselera makan, mual dan muntah (emesis gravidarium) akibat pengaruh hormone chorionic gonadotropin. Karena perut sering dalam keadaan kosong, maka sakit tidak bisa dihindari. Begitupun sebaliknya, penyakit maag yang diderita sebelumnya bisa memperburuk masa mengidam wanita hamil, yaitu mual muntah berlebihan (hiperemesis gravidarum). Oleh karena itu, hindari lebih dahulu makanan yang merangsang lambung. Selain itu, tablet penambah darah sementara jangan dikonsumsi dulu, mengingat obat ini juga mengiritasi lambung.

Pencegahan

Sangat mudahmenghindari penyakit maag. Yaitu tidak makan dan minum yang pedas maupun asam secara berlebihan, pola makanseimbang (tidak berlebihan lemaknya), dan teratur. Hindari berlebihan minum kopi, the, soft drink. Lebih aman dengan sering minum air putih.

Namun demikian, seorang bisa terserang penyakit maag karena pengaruh ras, keturunan dan kebiasaan makannya. Mungkin saja orang dengan ras tertentu sudah terbiasa dengan makanan yang merangsang, tetapi tidak ada keluhan lambung, misalnya suku Minang.

Bagi yang sudah menderita penyakit maag berat, jika harus memakan makanan yang dikelola secara missal (bersama) -misalnya dalam asrama, instansi hendaklah memperhatikan syarat makanan, seperti harus mudah dicerna, porsi makanan sedikit-sedikit tetapi sering, tidak merangsang lambung (missal pedas, asam, tektur keras), dapat mengeluarkan cairan lambung dan dapat menetralkan kelebihan asam lambung.

Satu hal yang juga perlu diperhatikan, bahwa ketenangan jiwa seseorang bisa mengurangi resiko sakit maag. Jadi, hadapilah kegiatan sehari-hari dengan tenang dan berserah diri kepada Allah. Dan Insya Allah, tidak hanya penyakit maag, penyakit lain pun bisa terhindar dari tubuh kita. Wallahu a’lam.

Sumber : Majalah Assunnah Edisi 06/tahun X/1427H/2006M, hal 13-14.
link:

woooooooo…..
this semester is almost over!! or you can say it is over!!
get prepare for the next semester huh?? Ganbate kudasai ne…

it’s been a long time since i never up date my blog. too many assigments…too many activities…too many facebooking…i kinda forgot how curious i was to have a blog haha…
and..now…i just want to write something…

here what i want to write…
this past week, i did not feel good. chronic gastritis, pharyngitis, fever, all those…made my body weaker!!!
now, i need to take a rest a lot!! i hope to get well soon…

SEAADE-GC Students Competition 2009

It was a month ago when I got an email stated my abstract was selected in SEAADE-GC Students Competition. My expression was unbelievable shocked!!! Thus, I got the sponsorship from GC to make a presentation during SEAADE meeting which held on 23-24 November 2009 in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
We actually prepared all displays materials right after our mid term had finished. Even, we still had to make a presentation script and fold those packages in the airport while we were waiting for the next flight. It was our first experience to travel in Thailand especially Chiang Mai. We were staying in Centara Duantawan Hotel which is a cross the street form Le Meridien Hotel.

The Meeting was held in Le Meridien Hotel, it took about two minutes from our hotel. Before the presentation, we had GC orientation the day before. I met new people and friends from other country. After that, we had dinner together. I forgot what the restaurant’s name was. The place was awesome and located on hill.
24 November was a BIG DAY. That’s right!! I would do a presentation about FAMILY DENT. FAMILY DENT is a learning media which tell about dental emergency cases and its simple treatment. It consists of a manual book, video/ interactive CD, and blog. My friends and I put FAMILY DENT as a display and so was the poster.

The presentation was a closed session and only the presenter and judges who were allowed to be in the hall. I was the first presenter. When they called my name, I was so nervous till death. LOL. I tried to be relaxed as many words were burst out from my mouth quickly. After some times…I felt more confident and more comfortable. I did not think about the judges’ question, it was more like I want to tell a story about my project to them. I did enjoy the moment. Fifteen minutes later, I could smile widely for my presentation was over. I did not expect much except it was our best efforts. Viva FAMILY DENT ^O^.

At the end, it was a precious 15 minutes which finally brought FAMILY DENT as a winner in the competition. Thank to sister bertha, esti, anin, didi, and meli, you guys are awesome partner ^.^.

Diagnostic Osteoporosis Using Dental Panoramic Radiograph

Two days ago, I went to IEE Expo 2009 in Balai Pemuda, Surabaya. IEE stands for International Electrical Enginering. This exhebition shows many stuff about electrical, industry, technology, game, and also ice cream which were given for free in certain time. If you are lucky, you will get it for free otherwise you have to pay. LOL.
When I walked around, I found JICA stand. At the moment I was not curious, since I had my ice cream to finish. I was not paying attention to all the posters they have. Suddenly, a lady from JICA came to me and we had a little conversation. She explained about what JICA is and also the research they are doing together between universities in Japan and Institute of Technology Sepuluh November (ITS), Indonesia. I listened to her and curious about what they had done. It was awesome. If I had other word to express that…I would say SUGOI!!!
The one that really attracted my attention was a research which combines the engineering and dental field. Unfortunately, I forgot about the title. The research told about a computer aided diagnostic (CAD) system in diagnostic osteoporosis using a dental panoramic radiography.
What is Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a generalized decrease in bone mass in which the histologic appearance of bone is normal. An imbalance occurs in bone resorption and formation. Decrease in bone formation results in a lower trabecular bone volume and thinning of cortical bone and trabeculae. Osteoporosis occurs with the aging process of bone and can be considered a variation of normal (primary osteoporosis). Bone mass normally increases from infancy to about 35 to 40 years of age. At this time there begins a gradual and progressive decline, occurring at the rate of about 8% per decade in women and 3% per decade in men. The loss of bone mass with age is so gradual that it is virtually imperceptible until it reaches significant proportions. Secondary osteoporosis may result from nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalance, inactivity, or corticosteroid or heparin therapy.(1)

Figure 1. The osteoporosis bone looks more porous than the normal one.(2)
Radiographic features. Osteoporosis results in an overall reduction in the density of bone. This reduction may be observed in the jaws by using the unaltered density of teeth as a comparison. There may be evidence of a reduced density and thinning of cortical boundaries such as the inferior mandibular cortex (Figure 2). Reduction in the volume of cancellous bone is more difficult to assess. Reduction in the number of trabeculae is least evident in the alveolar process, possibly because of the constant stress applied to this region of bone by the teeth. On occasion the lamina dura may appear thinner than normal. In other regions of the mandible a reduction in the number of trabeculae may be evident.(1)

Figure 2. The radiograph of an osteoporosis.(1)
Thus, the CAD system helps to diagnostic osteoporosis by using a dental panoramic radiograph. The system work is illustrated as follows:

Figure 3. Flow diagram of the diagnosis by computer-assisted diagnosis system.(3)

In my opinion, it is necessary to understand and study the relationship be between engineering and health field although both backgrounds are different, thus its interdisiplinary will have many benefits not just for both but also it may increase the heatlhcare awareness and level for the community in general.

Resource:
1. White, Stuart C. and Michael J. Pharoah. Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation 4th edition. 2000. USA: Mosby, Inc.
2. Osteoporosis. Available on . Accessed on November 14, 2009.
3. Nakamoto T, et all. A computer-aided diagnosis system to screen for osteoporosis using dental panoramic radiographs. 2007. Available on . Accessed on November 14, 2009.

Kue Leker, Jajanan Tradisional Yang Langka

Pagi ini, ketika saya berjalan ke pasar tradisional dekat kostan saya melihat bapak penjual kue leker. Masih ingatkah Anda tentang jajanan masa SD ini dulu? Saya tersenyum dan mampir untuk membeli beberapa buah.

Rasa kue ini manis, terutama pada bagian tengah yang berisi pisang, gula pasir, dan meises. Jika mengingat masa lalu, saya kurang dapat merekam bagaimana rasa kue ini. Saat itu, membeli jajan bersama teman seusai pelajaran sekolah merupakan hal yang sangat menyenangkan. Apabila saya umpamakan, kue leker itu sama dengan canda tawa dan kegembiraan di masa kecil. (^o^)

Apabila Anda mempunyai sedikit waktu luang, cobalah resep Kue Leker ini.
source: http://users.tpg.com.au/stanolin/recipes/kueleker.html
Ingredients/ Bahan:
Water (Air)
100 gr Flour (Tepung terigu)
1 Egg (Telur)
1/4 tsp Salt (Garam)
Filling/ Bahan Isi:
1-2 Banana (pisang)
1 can Coklat Sweet condensed milk (susu manis coklat)
Chocolate rice (meises)
Sugar (Gula)
Directions/Cara membuat:
English:
1. Make a smooth batter from all the ingredients.
2. Heat a small wok, then spoon in a batter mixture and smear all over the side of the wok.
3. Cut the banana in cubes, put in some cubes in the middle of wok, put about 1/2 tsp sugar, 1/2 tsp Chocolate rice, 1 tsp milk (sprinkle around). Put the lid of the wok.
4. Cook about 2 minutes until most of the edge of the cake dried and lift of from the wok. Fold to one side like in the picture. Set aside. Continue with the rest of the ingredients. Serve immediately.
Indonesian:
1. Buat adonan kental dari bahan kulit.
2. Tuang sesendok sayur adonan ke dalam wajan kecil yang sudah dipanaskan. Sapu adonan ke sisi2 wajan hingga membentuk lingkaran.
3. Potong pisang berupa dadu, masukkan beberapa potong ke tengah adonan yang sedang dimasak, taburkan 1/2 sdt gula, 1/2 sdt meises, dan cicirkan susu manis sekeliling (sekitar 1 sdt)
4. Tutup wajan, masak sekitar 2 menit, hingga pinggiran kulit terlepas dari sisi wajan dan kering, lipat jadi dua, angkat. Lanjutkan dengan adonan sisanya. Hidangkan hangat2.

SELAMAT MENCOBA ^^

BAD, LUCK, AND EXPERIENCE

Sunday, 6 sept 2009
23.32 pm at 2B room

I could not sleep tonight since the wound on my hand giving me so much pain. So, I decided to write my story. Today I had really bad time or let say…an unfortunate and careless thing. It happened to me when I was on my way to my yosakoi practice. It is located in Semolowaru Tengah Street, which is 20-30 minutes from my dorm. I was so lazy to wake up as my nap was not too long. I slept only 15 minutes. It is far from my habitual. I used to take a nap for about 2-3 hours long. So, it was nothing. I felt lazy and sleepy. But, I remember how I really want to take part in this year yosakoi. My reason is so simple. I LIKE JAPAN and ITS CULTURE. Since I’m taking Japanese language course in Jasmine (*the name of institution), It would be helpful to understand and learn more about Japanese culture. It is AWESOME after all!!!

I went practice at five minutes to four. I believed that I will be late and I think it was ok (*giving my self an excuse and entertaining my self for being late >.<). Thus, I rode my WieVie (*I just made a name for my motorcycle, whose branded is WHITE VARIO) quite fast. It was 45 km per hour. Most of you will think that it’s ok and may be it is quite slow. But, for me it’s FAST!!! see… F-A-S-T!!! LOL ^^.

When I was riding my WieVie, I did not know which road I should go. I just knew that I need to go straight then turn left until RS. HAJI. I saw RS.HAJI sign from far, quite far to guess what was the letters tell us about. I was quite positive about the RS. HAJI sign. As expected before, I found the sign which means I’m near to RS. HAJI and also Semolowaru ^^. I was happy and little bit arrogant too. I thought it was not too difficult to ride on WieVie in Surabaya and found places where I want to go. It was easy…and I have WieVie after all, which is willing to take me anywhere. I turned my right lamp to give sign that I want to go right and cut the street. My head was empty…and I was careless. I did not pay attention to a motorcycle behind, since I already checked on my mirror earlier that there was no motorcycle, so it was safe to cut the street (* trying to defend my self). Suddenly, the crash happened!!! I did not know whose false was that. I just felt that something was pulling me harshly on the street and my head was hitting something heavy. It happened so fast. I could feel and barely remember every moment on single move from the accident. All I know, I was lying on the street with two motorcycles and some people who were standing and trying to help me. My WieVie mirror was broken into pieces. As I noticed earlier, my saddle was open and the body was cut little bit. Nothing I could say. The first thing on my mind was I’m thankful that I’m still alive and having no serious wound. I found another taste and color for my life and my days.

*“So…this is how the accident feel”
BAD, LUCK, AND EXPERIENCE
It was BAD, because you were risking your life and gambling with LUCK.
It was LUCK, because you were safe and alive.
It was EXPERIENCE, because you never experience it before and you will learn from it

I remembered about what happened to my senior (* her name is Lindia) couple days ago. It was similar with me. Thus, I thought I would have reimbursement from them since I was the victim and my WieVie was so damn bleed!!! (*if you imagine WieVie as a humanbeing). My WieVie got many scars on the right, left, back, and front side. The right side was totally awful. I was being stubborn and wanted them to pay my loss I did not think about their background. All I knew was “This is all your faults!!! So give me money to redo my WieVie and of course my self!!!” they both were fine, there was no single scar on their face nor their body. A moment later, I realized that my head was red and bleeding, while my right hand was screaming in pain!!! That time, I became more stubborn and evil!!! I would not let them go without giving me money!!! (*so cruel…!!!)
We had no communication for a while…SILENT each other…then, they told me that they worked as a project laborer in Surabaya. I was pity on them. So, I asked them to take to the hospital nearby. One of them took me to the emergency unit and waited me. When were waiting for my turn, I accidentally saw his face. He was sad with both eyes almost tear. I felt more pity and sympathy to them. After I got my treatment, and paid my bill, I saw an advertisement in TV. Since it was Ramadhan, it told us to be IKHLAS (*let it go and not hope something in return with intention because of Allah). So, I told my self to be ikhlas. I feel my heart was relieved somehow. It was an experience whichsomething we need to learn by our self. Be carefull and have a safety riding. ^^

p.s. I would never forget about that day…

OUT FOR 15 HOURS!!!

11.00 pm at my lovely 2B dorm-room
By the way…I’m totally exhausted today!!! Yet I’d like to share a story with you all. My day was starting at 4.30 am this morning. As my habit, I do my prayer, googling, and getting ready for college. I went out at 7 am and just got home at 10pm (*may be a lillte bit more late) Yaps…I went out for 15 HOURS!!!

Anyway, I wasn’t going to tell about that… I went to a bookstore this evening while I was waiting for my friends to eat dinner together. I was extremely hilarious since I did not go to any bookstore for couple weeks. My eyes went straight to computer section and look at a design book about how to photoshop your pre-wedding photo. My eyes still kept on looking to another design book and I found a book by the title “Digital Imaging: Digital of Art” by Rahmad Widiyanto. It was totally awesome. “I want to buy this book, absolutely” I said to myself. But, not now, soon may be…!!! So, I went to another section and found FELT Book!!! I totally love this book as I really love to make felt craft. It gave me much good and fresh idea. BOOK STORE is the best place to get new idea and feel different atmosphere from a traffic crazy day (*it would be better if there is a cozy comfort relaxing café ^^ and I was pretty sure that they already have it…^^). The time was 9.15 pm; there were still couple minutes before it was closed. I went to kids section looking for children book age 3-5 years old. Kid’s book is so colorful and has many pictures in it. After searching shelf by shelf, finally I found the one that I wanted, a kid storybook.

Batik`s recognition as world heritage expected in 2009

Nusa Dua, Bali  (ANTARA News) – Indonesia is hoping the United Nations agency for cultural affairs UNESCO will have named its Batik cloth as a world heritage by September, 2009, a culture ministry official said.”We are optimistic about this since we have met all the requirements, not to mention the support from other countries,” I Gusti Nyoman Widja, director of traditions at the tourism and culture ministry, said here Thursday.

Speaking at a seminar themed “Protection and Development of Traditional Knowledge and the Expression of Traditional Culture” in Nusa Dua, Widja said recognition as a world heritage would enhance the image of batik as well of Indonesia as its country of origin.

Then, he said, UNESCO would provide funds for its preservation and it would also be safe from other countries` claims.

According to Widja, the Indonesian government submitted its proposal to recognize batik as a world heritage to UNESCO in September, 2008. The process thereafter went well as there were no objections from countries like Brunei Drausslam or Malaysia during a UNESCO meeting to discuss the proposal.

The discussions in UNESCO, he said, were expected to run for a year and Indonesia should therefore know the result by September 2009.

Batik would be the third cultural product from Indonesia named a World Intangible Heritage after the Wayang (raditional puppets used in narration-supported shadow plays) and the Keris (ceremonial dagger).

UNESCO had certified Wayang as a “Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity” in November 2003 and given a similar status to the Keris in November 2005.(*)

COPYRIGHT © 2008

Source: http://www.antara.co.id/en/view/?i=1228413705&c=NAT&s=

MEDICAL COMPROMISES IN DENTAL PRACTICE (Review from Skill Labs Lecture)

Dental treatment such as tooth extraction is an invasive therapy which could damage the tissues and cause systemic complication. There are 9 medical compromises in dental practice, which are:

1. Syncope (vasovagal syncope)
2. Hypoglycemia
3. Lidocaine toxic reaction
4. Angina pectoris
5. Stroke (cerebral vascular accident)
6. Epilepsy attack (epileptic seizure/ fit)
7. Asthma (asthmatic attack)
8. Infarct myocardium
9. Shock anaphylactic

The percentage of compromises is 90% from syncope and 10% from the rest. As a dentist, syncope might be the most medical compromise to deal with. It is important to understand how to treat this condition. The quick and exact action is needed to maintain respiration (ventilation) and heart rate until the patient get definitive treatment. Thus, Basic Life Support is considered as everybody’s competence, not just paramedic like doctor, dentist, nurse, but also non paramedic like housewife.

GENERAL PROCEDURE

The general procedure consists of assessment in AIRWAY, BREATHING, CIRCULATION, and DISSABILITY, which is shortening as A-B-C-D. This assessment is important because it will help determining the emergency type and intervention could be done exactly. There are two things to keep in mind:

(1)   ABCD assessment and intervention does not stand alone. If there is an airway problem, then we need to do breathing intervention. And if there is a breathing problem, then we need to do circulation intervention, and so fort.

(2)   It has to be done in a series and recur. For example: when doing “C” aspect assessment, “A” and “B” evaluation also must be done.

A. AIRWAY

Picture: Respiration anatomy

Assessment results are:

1. Free airway => no obstruction
2. Blocked airway => half obstruction
3. Clogged up airway => total obstruction

The airway obstruction occurs when skeletal muscle tonus decreasing. So, patient with unconscious condition need to be observed carefully. It can be helped by doing this action as follow:

1. Clean the oral cavity from foreign thing, for example denture
2. Suck saliva which accumulated in orofaring using suction apparatus
3. Do chin lift or jaw thrust in order to avoid tongue to drop to the posterior area

Picture: (above) chin lift, (below) jaw thrust

Chin lift is done to the patient with half conscious. Jaw thrust is done to total unconscious patient, because if the patient is conscious, he will be nervous as this technique press the angulus mandibula.

B. BREATHING

If the patient is unconscious, the breathing assessment needs to be done as follow:

1. Look => up and down movement of patient thorax
2. Listen => breathing voice
3. Feel => patient gasp by putting ear and cheek near enough to ensure while the breathing is adequate or not.

The normal frequency is 12-16 times/ minute. If it is more than 25 times/ minute, it shows a respiratory distress. While if it less than 8 times/ minute, it is said that as bradypneu (breath depression).

Unconscious patient who experiencing conscious lost/ reduction needs to be given pure oxygen (O₂ 100%) with flow 6-8 liter/ minute through face mask. This oxygen also needs to be moistened in order to avoid stimulation respiration gland secretion and causing blocked respiration way.

C. CIRCULATION

The circulation parameter is:

1. Pulse : pulse rate, strength, rhythm
2. Blood pressure

The mean artery pressure could be measured by adding 1/3 diastole and 2/3 systole. Those are influenced by two factors, which are: (1) cardiac output (heart rate x stroke volume) and (2) blood vessel (vascular resistance). For example: a patient who experiences anaphylactic shock => venous return decreasing, but the blood volume is constant.

Picture: carotid palpation to check the patient circulation

The normal pulse is about 70 times/ minute. if the pulse is more than 90 times/ minute and weak, then the pulse is less than 80mmHg. If the pulse (radial artery) is not palpated and weak, trying palpated the carotid artery. It the carotid artery is able to be palpated, the systolic pressure is 60mmHg, and does the intervention immediately to repair the cerebral blood flow. Don’t forget to put the patient in supine position or shock position.

D. DISSABILITY (Neurologic Disturbance)

The assessment consists of:

1. Consciousness

-   level of consciousness: decreasing or lost

-   conscious disorsder

2. Motoric system

Kartu Lebaran

Back to O-O

wish u all d best

syafira (*dental student, newbie)